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Dobbelaere et al. (2002) suggested that high concentrations of plant hormones, which are stimulatory at low concentrations, may have negative effects on plant growth.
However, some compounds proved stimulatory at nanomolar concentrations, suggesting that they might possess mitogenic properties.
If acupuncture were stimulatory at the periphery, would a second "stimulation" not be expected to increase brain activity?
This discrepancy could be due to different concentrations used, celecoxib being stimulatory at low concentrations (0.5 to 1 μM) and inhibitory at higher concentrations (5 to 10 μM).
We observed a biphasic effect of p-NP for TNF-α: It was suppressive at the lowest concentration (10−13 M) and stimulatory at the others, with a peak at 10−11 M. To reduce the subject/tissue variability, we expressed data as the mean SI [ratio between the cytokine concentration in culture medium of treated explant cultures and the corresponding untreated cultures (0.1% ethanol) in each experiment].
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As both MgATP and MgADP exert an inhibitory effect at Kir6.2 and a stimulatory effect at SUR1, we next examined the effects of GDP and GTP.
Curiously, resveratrol had a biphasic effect on the expression of TXNIP, with a stimulatory action at low concentrations and inhibition at higher ones.
According to an opinion which is vigorous and insistently defended for approximately one decade, hormesis (the response of a biological entity to an effector, with stimulatory results at low doses and inhibitory results at high doses) radically puts into question the classic theory of dose response (DR) relationships and demands a profound revision of environmental protection policies.
Hormesis is described that a toxic substance or stressor has a stimulatory effect at low doses but a deleterious effects at high doses (Calabrese and Baldwin 2003a, b).
Indeed, it has been reported that a dose response relationship of POPs can be biphasic, that is, give a stimulatory response at low doses but an inhibiting response at high doses, which is known as the hormesis phenomenon (Calabrese and Baldwin 1998).
The characteristic of hormesis is a biphasic dose response curve, with beneficial or stimulatory effects at low doses and adverse or inhibitory effects at high doses.
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