Following the Rabi oscillations used by physicists to control stimulated transition, we associate to this system an averaged control system where the number of controls is increased and where flatness-based motion planning techniques can be used.
In a stimulated transition, the energy of the atom may increase i.e., the atom may absorb a photon from the radiation or the energy of the atom may decrease, with the emission of a photon, which adds to the energy of the radiation.
Moreover, it is very difficult to directly stimulate transition of RE ions, since the f-f transition belongs to the parity forbidden transition according to the selection rule [6].
Rate of spontaneous transition between energy levels E m and E n. Non-radiative emission rate between energy levels E m and E n. Stimulated transition probability between energy levels E m and E n. Length of Ti:sapphire crystal.
If an imperfection in the helix has no effect, then the stimulated transition is identical to Fig. 6a.
At a large fraction of active genes, cohesin and Nipped-B have the opposite effect, and stimulate transition to elongation (Fay et al. 2011; Schaaf et al. 2013a).
Sometimes the emission of luminescence can be stimulated by irradiation with photons of the same frequency as that of the emitted light; such stimulated transitions are used in lasers, which produce very intensive beams of coherent monochromatic light.
In addition to questions of conceptualization of transitions in an urban context, this series includes the quest of cities to accelerate and stimulate transitions to sustainability.
The terms, and correspond to the stimulated transitions 2 → 1, 2 → 0 and 2 → 4. The terms, and correspond to the spontaneous transitions 2 → 1, 2 → 0 and 2 → 4. The associated rate equations read: (6) (7) (8) (9) (10).
Thus, subjecting the larva to an attractant tends to suppress transitions from runs to turns and stimulate transitions from turns to runs; subjecting the larva to a repellant has the opposite effects.
