Small field of view (1.35 µm × 1.08 µm) around the ChR2-expressing fibers was stimulated (stimulation duration 5 ms; inter-stimulation interval 20 s).
We first determined the optimal stimulation duration to observe a difference in intracellular lactate concentration between non-stimulated and stimulated samples.
However, an analysis of verse durations calculated across males revealed only a very small reduction of 200 350 ms in stimulated verse duration compared to natural (undisturbed) verses (Fig. 1A).
A comparison of natural and stimulated verse durations including male individuals as a separate factor showed that only one out of eight males significantly shortened its verses following stimulation with ultrasound pulses (p<0.05, Two-way ANOVA on ranks followed by a Dunn's post hoc test).
Research to date indicates that a single bout of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise lasting 30 60 min in duration stimulates muscle-derived IL-6 [26, 35, 48, 49, 65, 68].
Our data suggest that this may be best achieved by stimulating at pulse durations below 60 μsec.
The triceps surae muscle was stimulated supramaximally (pulse duration, 0.4 ms; frequency, 100 Hz; intensity, ~35 V) with self-adhesive surface electrodes connected to an electric stimulator and an isolator (SS-104 J; Nihon Koden, Japan).
In Experiment #1, daily melatonin infusions of 5 or 10 h duration stimulated or inhibited gonadal growth, respectively, but had no effect on entrainment of the locomotor activity rhythm to long or short daylengths, thereby demonstrating that melatonin history and entrainment status could be experimentally dissociated.
The sciatic nerve was stimulated (0.2 msec duration; 1.6 mV amplitude) and the response recorded via a needle electrode inserted into the plantar muscle in the medial half of the foot, following the line connecting the first and fifth tarsal/metatarsal joints.
Cells were field stimulated with 2 ms duration voltage pulses delivered through parallel platinum wires (stimulation voltage set to 1.5 times the threshold).
