JA-Ile, as a primary and bioactive signal, stimulates the COI1 (a component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFCOI1 -mediated JAZ degradation, which iSCFCOI1 -mediatede 26S proteasome pathway, resulting in the activation of JAZresponsive genes that confer plant degradationistance (Katsir et al. 2008; Yamada et al. 2012).
In goldfish, sexually active males release, via the gills, relatively large amounts of androstenedione [ 6] which stimulates pushing behaviour (a component of male-male competition) [ 31] and has been suggested to act as a male pheromone (as part of a blend of steroids dominated by androgens) in the regulation of competitive interactions among males [ 2, 6, 31].
It has been shown in vitro that PCT peak value was significantly higher in the supernatants of cultured human cells stimulated with LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) than in those stimulated with muramyl dipeptide, a component of the outer membrane of the Gram positive bacteria [ 29].
When the team had stimulated the entorhinal cortex, a component of the brain's memory circuitry, while patients first learned their way to a destination, the patients took a more direct route to that destination and got there faster on the second try, compared with destinations they'd learned with the electrodes switched off, the researchers report today in The New England Journal of Medicine.
In animal studies, high-protein diets have been shown to stimulate the HPA axis, a component of the endocrine system that regulates cortisol and other stress-related hormones.
FK565, however, but not MDP, significantly increased circulating corticosterone, which indicates that the NOD1 agonist stimulated the HPA axis, a component of the sickness response (Lenczowski et al., 1997).
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a relatively new treatment that requires implantation of a device for stimulating the vagus nerve, a component of the autonomic nervous system.
Zymosan was also used to stimulate hemocytes because it is a component of the yeast cell wall.
There are no reports of other TRP channels being linked with neuroactive steroids, although TRPC2 (which is not expressed in humans) is stimulated by corticosterone 21-sulphate, a component of mouse urine (Nodari et al., 2008).
In addition, STAT1 functions as a component of the IFN stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) transcription factor complex, which also includes STAT2 and interferon regulatory factor-9 (IRF9) [ 9, 10].
