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Sham stimulation was not used because the effect was limited to specific scalp positions, so that all the other stimulated points may be considered as sham stimulations.
Intraoperative electrocortical stimulation in a group of 36 patients with positive results at 82 separate stimulated points on the insula induced viscerosensitive or -motor and somatosensory symptoms that occurred throughout most parts of the insula, particularly in the more inferior anterior parts underlying the temporal operculum.
The study interventions stimulated points using needles, electricity, lasers, pressure, heat or ointments compared to various controls.
The combination of 10 14 M BPS and E2 showed a slightly oscillating pattern, although differences between stimulated points were not significant.
Laser machines (20 mW, 840 nm diode, power density 0.1 W/cm) stimulated points in three treatment groups: sham (0 joules/point), low dose (0.2 J/point) and high dose (0.8 joules/point).
Among all the stimulated points around hand area, this analysis permitted to successfully identify in each group a cortical activation map, differentiating scalp sites where TMS produced a response from those at which no discernible MEPs were recorded (Fig. 2 c).
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To check the correspondence of the stimulated point on the scalp with the targeted brain area (DLPFC), we performed a 3D graphical elaboration of MRI scans to localize DLPFC in seven subjects.
Subjects performed 42 consecutive randomized trials on each stimulated point: 21 with TMS and 21 without TMS.
Table 1 and Figure 2 show the data regarding the mean RT for each stimulated point with and without TMS pulse, grouped for all three object locations.
As a consequence, the periphery of the electric field at any particular point could not directly influence the adjacent ones, and thus the observed effects were specific for the stimulated point.
For each muscle we calculated the mean MEP amplitude at each stimulated point and then projected these values onto the brain in order to create separate cortical representation maps of each muscle.
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