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At the last follow-up, the mean WOMAC was 11 (SD 13) (CI: 8 14), with 2 (SD 1) in the stiffness section, 2 (SD 3) in the pain section, and 8 (SD 10) in the function section.
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Integrally Stiffened Panels (ISP) structures are composed of a base plate and one (or several) longitudinal stiffness sections of simple or complex shape.
This ratio increased with frequency as k', but not k", increased with frequency (see Loss and Storage stiffness sections, above).
To increase sensitivity for patients with knee injury, items were added to the WOMAC pain and stiffness sections and two new subscales were added, resulting in a 42 item questionnaire with five subscales; Pain (9 items), Other symptoms (7 items), ADL Function (17 items), Sport and Recreation Function (5 items), and knee-related Quality of Life (4 items).
The proposed equations for the effective flexural and shear stiffness of section consist of the full stiffness of steel tube and a reduced stiffness provided by the concrete infill.
The main drawback of this methodology now, is that the pushover curve is drawn on the basis that the element stiffnesses are assumed strength independent, equal to a constant proportion of the gross section stiffness, regardless of the reinforcement content.
Especially the optimized conclusion that the section stiffness of wire is asymmetric is innovative and the general conclusion is that the section stiffness is different with the change of cross-section location.
This work discusses the choice of a reference frame for beam section stiffness properties.
Structural optimization was used to minimize the system mass subject to constraints on system stiffness and member section availability.
Because the contribution of prestressing steel to the stiffness of the section is minimum [29], actual prestressing tendons were not included in the FEM.
In time-dependent test, deflection reduction coefficient in concrete tension stiffening model is proposed to evaluate the stiffness of the section after cracking for RC beams.
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