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Hydrogel with higher cross-linking density showed longer degradation and lower swelling index and stiffer network compared to the system with lower cross-linking density.
Physical models of tip growth have postulated that a rod-like shape is formed by inserting softer gel-like wall at the very tip of the cell, which then matures into a stiffer network on the sides of cells [ 1, 38– 40].
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They suggested this to be expected since the cells transform from round spheres with a layer of cortical actin, to spread out objects adhering to the substrate and containing a stiff network of cross-linked actin filaments and cortical actin under tension [ 37].
However, a trade-off of such stiff networks is reduced toughness.
From Ti(OnBu 4 and Zr(OEt 4 soluble spirocycles were only obtained for diols with Mns≥1000, whereas the shorter diols yielded stiff networks.
Above its critical concentration, filamin bundles actin filaments form networks that are stiffer than networks of mixed auxiliary proteins below their threshold concentration.
Better mouse pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation were found on the stiffer PCLTA20k networks than on the PCLTA7k ones, and on the networks with ϕPOSS of 10 20% than the networks containing no POSS.
Taking as a generic test case a Type Ia supernova explosion with an extremely stiff thermonuclear network having 150 isotopic species and 1604 reactions coupled to hydrodynamics using operator splitting, we demonstrate the capability to solve of order 100 realistic kinetic networks in parallel in the same time that standard implicit methods can solve a single such network on a CPU.
Recently, it was observed [37] that the membrane and actin-myosin cortex deformed significantly by MT-mediated pulling forces when the cortex was weakened in one-cell C. elegans embryos, consistent with the hypothesis that the MTs need to be anchored to a stiff actomyosin network to be able to transduce forces.
The development of composite hydrogels has provided a versatile alternative approach for improving the strength of hydrogels via the use of a stiff second network that reinforces the weak hydrogel network, or via the incorporation of particles in the hydrogel matrix.
Here we study the mechanical properties of stiff collagen networks derived from three different echinoderms and show that they exhibit non-linear stiffening followed by brittle fracture.
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