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To further investigate this behavioral difference, we first made anecdotal observations of free-swimming groups of laboratory-reared sticklebacks from a marine and a benthic population in a controlled laboratory setting.
Marine sticklebacks from Japan school strongly whereas benthic sticklebacks from a lake in Canada are more solitary.
In order to validate the array we also analyzed a sample of threespine sticklebacks from a Danish river that represents a mixture of marine and freshwater morphs.
First, marine sticklebacks from a population in Japan have a stronger tendency to school, defined by a more rapid approach to the school and a longer time spent swimming with the school, than benthic sticklebacks from a freshwater lake in British Columbia (Wark et al. 2011).
For our study we tested nine cloned MHC IIB sequence variants of three-spined sticklebacks from a West Canadian population (TBH Reusch & T Reimchen, unpublished data), which due to long divergence time [ 58] are unlikely to carry any European alleles.
The templates for the FLRs were plasmids with a single sequence variant that were obtained by cloning three-spined sticklebacks from a Canadian population (TBH Reusch & T Reimchen, unpublished data).
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He, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh of the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and their colleagues first sequenced the DNA of a stickleback from a lake in Alaska to a high degree of accuracy.
To simplify the interpretation of these analyses, we compared allele frequencies of stickleback from both sympatric lakes (Paxton and Priest) to stickleback from a single allopatric lake (Cranby Lake).
In each panel, the symbols represent stickleback from an experimental intermediate (solitary) population, with more benthic-like individuals on the left and more limnetic-like individuals on the right.
By contrast, derived benthic sticklebacks from Paxton Lake, British Columbia, inhabit a heavily vegetated environment and tend to be solitary in the wild and the laboratory (Larson 1976; Vamosi 2002; Wark et al. 2011).
Here, we examined genetic variation at MHC Class II loci of sticklebacks from two lakes with a limnetic and benthic species pair, and two lakes with a single species.
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