The prices farmers receive for the food they produce are too low to cover production and stewardship costs and they are vulnerable to volatile weather and volatile markets.
We used three alternative surrogates for the cost of conservation: area, acquisition and stewardship costs.
Third, we estimated stewardship costs, using data on average returns from agricultural production collected at 1 km resolution [52].
We used the best solution (that which meets targets at the minimum cost from 500 runs) in each scenario to compare the efficiency of each cost surrogate for achieving each of our three alternative objectives, i.e. to minimise the area, acquisition, and stewardship costs of representing targets.
Our objectives are to represent biodiversity targets for a range of biodiversity features (vegetation types, environmental domains, and distributions of birds and species of national environmental significance) whilst minimising (separately) area, acquisition costs, and the stewardship costs of selected candidate priority areas.
Finally, whilst important, the time cost of identifying, selecting, initiating and sustaining different PPPs, and the "stewardship" costs, such as ensuring that the private partners follow TB treatment guidelines, to government were not included in the analysis.
Big Bill, No Guarantees The stockpile stewardship program will cost the nation about $5 billion in the fiscal year that started Oct. 1; since the mid-1990's it has cost more than $20 billion.
If our objective is to minimise stewardship or acquisition costs, but we had not specified our conservation objective and had used area is a cost surrogate, our targets would be 1.4 2.3 times more expensive to achieve.
To satisfy concerns for quality and accessibility, some entity will need to intervene as a steward of private health care markets and their stewardship will incur costs.
