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For over 100 years, molluscan eyes have been used as an example of convergent evolution and, more recently, as a textbook example of stepwise evolution of a complex lens eye via natural selection.
T3SS is a prime example of a vestigial system and an important illustration of the stepwise evolution of the flagella machinery [67], [68].
This may be indicative of the stepwise evolution of the virulence loci of C. perfringens plasmids through addition or deletion of specific segments bordered by IS elements.
Following the stepwise evolution of the inhibin α-subunit provides a unique vantage point in understanding the constraints on the other members of this extraordinarily powerful and highly conserved family of ligands.
Even though this classification has endorsed the concept of "prefibrotic-early stage of primary myelofibrosis", and "pre-polycythemic phase" of polycythemia vera to capture the stepwise evolution of the diseases, the overlapping of clinical phenotypes persists, and the category of "unclassifiable myeloproliferative neoplasms" continues to challenge the system [3].
As the expansion of the genetic code and the stepwise evolution of the "core" ribosome would both have been happening simultaneously up to the time of the MRCA, it is likely that each universal ribosomal protein contains an "imprint" of the genetic code at the time of its recruitment, in the form of biases in amino acid usage at fixed positions.
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However, some of the experimental approaches have included the analysis of clonal sequences derived from different transfers of continuous evolution or rounds of stepwise evolution.
Such multi-component signaling platform is the hallmark of multi-cellular animals, and is suggested to result from stepwise evolution during the emergence of metazoan species [ 12, 32].
Recent findings of no common metastasis-specific genes have challenged the metastasis paradigm of stepwise evolution by acquiring metastasis-specific gene mutations.
On the one hand, it is sometimes suggested that stepwise evolution should leave behind millions of fossil intermediates that illustrate the evolution of a feature along a smooth gradation.
The current evolutionary model of EHEC O157 H7/H– consists of a stepwise evolution scenario proceeding from O55:H7 to a node (hypothetical intermediate) that then branches into sorbitol-fermenting (SF) O157 H– and non-SF (NSF) O157 H7.
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