In this paper, a new concept, stepwise structure of catalyst, was postulated and a potential new catalyst based on stepwise structure design was prepared.
The stepwise graded layer concept solves the problem of high internal compressive stresses in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films by adjusting a graded constitution by stepwise increasing the ion energy, i.e., the bias voltage, during sputter deposition.
This method combines the Genetic Algorithms (GA) [32, 33] concept with stepwise regression [34].
An alternative concept of stepwise investigation and strengthening by soil replacement, usage of longer piles and contact grouting, was also discussed, but not realized by the Indonesian partners.
Warburg effect was initially thought to be incompatible with the concept of stepwise evolutionary progression of normal cells to cancer cells.
After a brief period of skepticism, our concept of stepwise ubiquitylation caused indeed a paradigm change, as many pathways are now known to require first mono-ubiquitylation for one function, and subsequent poly-ubiquitylation for another function.
2 With recognition of the concept of stepwise progression of lymph node metastasis originating from the central (level VI) to the lateral compartment (levels II V), a growing number of surgeons are performing routine prophylactic central neck dissection (CND) at the time of the thyroidectomy for PTC. 3 However, its routine practice remains controversial.
This supports the concept of a stepwise development of oesophageal squamous cell cancer recently put forward by Mandard et al (2000).
The concept of a stepwise carcinogenesis implies the efficacy of surveillance in patients at high risk for squamous cell cancer of the oesophagus.
It combines the Genetic Algorithms (GA) [60, 61] concepts and a stepwise regression [62].
