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However, yeast cells are expected to be able to grow well even in the severe environments, when intracellular physiological conditions can be appropriate for growth in such environments through the stepwise adaptations to the environmental changes.
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The stepwise adaptation for 4 and 6 weeks resulted in inocula, leading to a significant improved start-up under high CH3COO− concentrations compared to controls and shock enriched inocula.
Two strategies were followed (i) a stepwise adaptation of the engaged microorganisms within 1, 2, 4 or 6 weeks, each at increasing CH3COO− concentrations of 50, 100, and finally 150 mM, and (ii) shock variants, meaning a direct start with 150 mM for the same durations.
As an example, the growth of yeast strain series A2 during stepwise adaptation process is shown in Figure 1B.
In this study, the stepwise adaptation process of S. cerevisiae was investigated by carrying out exposure to a stepwise increase in ethanol concentration with repetitive cultivations.
Yeast cells exposed to the stepwise adaptation process were cultivated in YPD medium containing 10% ethanol and harvested at the mid-log phase by centrifugation.
Yeast cells exposed to the stepwise adaptation process were cultivated in YPD medium and the cells at the mid-log phase (OD660 = about 1) was observed using phase contrast microscope (BX60, Olympus).
The results suggested that SARS-CoVs experienced a stepwise adaptation to humans.
Cell clumping was minimized by stepwise adaptation to suspension culture: removing cell aggregates at intervals.
However, we also show that the effects of stepwise adaptation of individual ion channels do not necessarily lead to a completely parallel adaptation of firing rate.
In this case, θ at 11.5Hz is a fairly low value for neurons to continue to lower their firing rate with stepwise adaptation of the chosen ion channels.
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