The effect may loss its biological importance after a few steps of interactions unless the affected proteins are transcription factors that may function as hubs in the global regulatory network.
Previously it has been demonstrated that Tfh form following a two-step process by which T-cells initially interact with DCs which leads to an early wave of pre-Tfh production before a second step of interaction with antigen presenting B-cells that cements the Tfh program (Crotty, 2011).
High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction have been used for studying the early steps of water interaction at 100 K with clean and K-doped quasi-freestanding graphene epitaxially grown on Pt(1 1 1).
In contrast, the genes involved in the early steps of the interaction are constitutively expressed.
This clearly indicates that the maize R gene was involved in the early steps of the interaction between rice and Xoc.
Here we have investigated whether the presence of high Pi in the growth media also affects earlier steps of the interaction, and in particular activation of the CSSP during the pre-symbiotic dialogue.
Whereas the ectodomain of US2 is responsible for the initial recognition of target MHC I molecules, its TMS and cytosolic tail are necessary to complete subsequent steps of the interaction, such as forwarding MHC I for proteasomal degradation.
The results provided will help us to better detail the steps of CXCR4 – gp120 interaction and to further our understanding on the multifaceted mechanism of HIV infection on a molecular level.
Different steps of the interaction between A. baumannii and A549 human alveolar epithelial cells were investigated, including adherence to epithelial cells and subsequent invasion [ 15]. A. baumannii strains displayed different ability to adhere to epithelial cells.
Based on our results, the two steps of HN receptor interaction need to be interpreted in a new light: (1) HN binds very efficiently to receptors, thus leading to quantitative inhibition of receptor function, as demonstrated by superinfection protection.
