Sentence examples for steps of electron from inspiring English sources

Drain, source, and gate contacts are patterned by several steps of electron beam lithography followed by metal deposition, and a HfO2 layer is formed by low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD), which is used to form SiO2, too. Figure 1 Cross section of the device used for modelling and fabrication.

Each Photosystem is composed of two different moieties: (i) the core complex, responsible for charge separation and the first steps of electron transport, and (ii) the peripheral antenna system, which plays a role in light harvesting and the transfer of excitation energy to the reaction center.

We examined the presence and taxonomic attribution of the enzymes responsible for the initial steps of electron donor metabolism to identify the organisms putatively capable of the direct utilization of the three electron donors.

Each Photosystem is composed of two different moieties: (i) the core complex, responsible for charge separation and the first steps of electron transport and (ii) the peripheral antenna system, which plays a role in light harvesting and transfer of excitation energy to the reaction center.

3D reconstruction and image segmentation, usually some of the most tedious and potentially operator-biased steps of electron tomography, are relatively straightforward on our dataset thanks to the quality of the tilt series obtainable from a sample with cylindrical symmetry.[ 23, 24] A reconstructed cross-section is reported in Figure 4 a, and a volume rendering in Figure 4b.

The electron transfer rate and molecular conductance are expressed in terms of rates characterizing each individual step of electron motion.

Construction started with the identification of a usable rate-limiting step of electron transfer to an anode.

In practice, electrochemical tools were involved and the principle of electrons harvestings was related to the step of electron transfer between the photosynthetic organism and a collecting electrode.

It is interesting to note that the rate constant for the first step of electron charge transfer is invariably slightly less in magnitude as compared to that of the second step in all the supporting electrolytes.

The kinetic parameters for each step of electron charge transfer have been obtained for Tl III), Tl(I /Pt and Sn II), Sn(IV /Pt reaction using modified and extended theory of Faradaic rectification applicable to reactions involving multiple electron charge transfer.

The qubits were fabricated on an intrinsic Si substrate of size 10 mm by 5 mm, with a thickness of 500 μm (see Figure 1(c)) in a single step of electron beam lithography followed by shadow evaporation of two Al layers of 20 nm and 40 nm thick with an oxidation step between the depositions.