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c-FLIP is a death effector domain (DED -containing family member that inhibits one of the most proximal steps of DED -containing(DR)-mediated apoptosis.
The models could perfectly well describe the regulation of the most important steps of death receptor activation and how subtle changes in the concentrations of apoptotic inhibitors can lead to a change in the outcome between life and death.
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The initial steps of cellular death are accompanied by an oxidative burst, depletion of ATP, and a strong stimulation of AOX expression [ 56].
The late and abundant gene expression of s igmar in late-stage (23 hours APF) salivary glands is consistent with the rearrangement and/or depolymerization of cytoskeletal components such as actin and MTs that has been observed during the execution (26 28 hours APF) steps of cell death in salivary glands (Blommaart et al., 1997; Jochová et al., 1997; Martin and Baehrecke, 2004).
Once released into the cytosol, cytochrome c interacts with the protein APAF1 to form a complex known as the apoptosome, which triggers activation of caspase-9 and a resulting cascade of Caspase activation, leading to the final steps of cell death.
Angry protesters flocked to the courthouse steps, and dozens of death threats were made against Anthony and members of her family.
Although seemingly fastidious, this is a crucial decision in the context of models of cell death, principally because certain measurable steps of the cell death process, like caspase-3 activation, have an 'all-or-none' character, as we discussed in the previous section.
A prolonged period of hypoxia is then followed by a loss of mitochondrial matrix and disintegration, expansion and formation of vesicles in the endoplasmatic reticulum and cytoplasm, and lysosomal rupture with release of enzymes as a final step of cell death [6, 85].
Targeted therapies that specifically modulate a specific step of cell death induction in tumor cells represent one of the main goals of ongoing preclinical and clinical studies to improve cancer therapy.
A prolonged period of hypoxia is then followed by a loss of mitochondrial matrix and disintegration, expansion and formation of vesicles in the endoplasmatic reticulum and cytoplasm, and lysosomal rupture with release of enzymes as a final step of cell death [ 6, 85].
In summary, future preclinical and clinical studies investigating the implementation of the death inducing ligand TRAIL in clinical combination therapy protocols should not only take into account the critical signaling steps of TRAIL cell death induction but the impact of p53 status of the individual tumor cell on TRAIL sensitivity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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