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step syllable.
step syllable to a chevron syllable.
step syllable to an up-FM syllable.
step syllable to a 1 freq.
step syllable (p9, p11, and p13).
step syllable reduced steadily in dominant frequency with age (fig. 8C).
Similar(46)
step syllables changed with age (Χ2 5, N = 5436) = 2475, p<0.001); this syllable was the most common at p5 but was rarely produced by adult animals.
For other vocalizations (e.g., chevron and the 2 freq. step syllables), the major change occurs between p13 animals and adults.
The syllable types we found are described below and are shown in Figure 2. Complex syllables were monosyllabic with two or more directional changes in frequency >6 kHz. 1 Frequency step syllables (1 freq.
step) had two elements, in which the second element was ≥10 kHz different from the preceding element and there was no separation in time between steps (these are similar to the two syllable calls described by Scattoni et al., [13] and the single frequency jumped syllables described by Holy and Guo [14]). 2 Frequency step syllables (2 freq.
There was no separation in time between elements (similar to the frequency steps syllable described by Scattoni et al., [13] and the multiple frequency jumped syllables described by Holy and Guo [14]).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com