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The vulva search corresponds to the first step of mating in Caenorhabditis elegans wherein the male recognizes a potential mate through contact and commences a systematic, contact-based search of her surface for the vulva.
Based on observation of wild-type males and on genetic analysis, we have divided the sperm-transfer step of mating behavior into four sub-steps: initiation, release, continued transfer, and cessation.
During the normal ejaculation step of mating behavior, after spicule penetration, the posterior gubernaculum erector and retractor muscles contract, presumably to pull the proctodeum posteriorly, so that sperm can drain from the vas deferens (Liu et al., 2007).
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The model proposed by Lee et al. [53] for early steps of mating type formation should result in idiomorphic or allelic sequences of a given mating-type locus containing phylogenetically related genes.
GABA activity is required to maintain proper tail posture during several steps of mating behavior.
Unlike the other steps of mating behavior, which occur almost instantaneously upon stimulation, the sub-steps of sperm transfer occur over a 90-second period.
The male tail contains most of the sensory structures required for mating, in addition to the copulatory structures, and thus to carry out the steps of mating behavior, the male must keep his tail in contact with the hermaphrodite.
In addition, the study of each individual step, each with its own unique aspects, may provide knowledge about the regulation of behavior not gotten from studying the other steps of mating.
By screening for the lack of copulatory plugs in a clonal population of EMS mutagenized worms, we were able to isolate mutants defective in all steps of mating (see Methods).
Since Figures 1 and 2 provide the reader with the relevant information on the structure of the reproductive circuit in the C. elegans male and cell connectivity, we changed the model figure to a flow chart of the steps of mating behavior and the circuitry we identified to be involved in specific aspects of sperm movement and release and the refractory period.
These defects include failure to follow through the steps of mating, failure to insert their spicules, and failure to ejaculate or prematurely ejaculating sperm prior to intromission; some of these defects have been previously reported (Liu and Sternberg, 1995; Schindelman et al., 2006).
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