The C. plutella and C. sesamiae bracoviruses are aptly named due to the respective infection of the hymenopteran wasps C. plutella and C. sesamiae that are in-turn ectoparasitoids of several stem boring larval Lepidoptera including Plutella xylostella [ 22], Sesamia calamistis, Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus, and Chilo orichalcociliellus [ 23].
Only 20 of 190 Swietenia juveniles ≥1-cm ≤5-cm dbh (10.5%) had 'top-dead' hollowed out stems, and six more stems had other symptoms of stem boring (13.6% attacked at most).
There was less stem-boring in large populations but the strength of the relationship was influenced by temperature and variation in plant size.
The stem-boring larvae produce complex systems of cavities that can be secondarily occupied by other arthropods [10], [17] [20].
Stem-boring insects play important functional roles in forest ecosystems, as they contribute to nutrient cycling [21] [23], alteration of tree architecture [23], [24], resource regulation [25], and alteration of the composition and hydrology of forests [25], [26].
Adult females of O. albomarginata chamela are the only herbivores at the study site that detach branches of S. purpurea and immediately oviposit in them [27], but after a certain period of time other species of stem-boring beetles (mainly non-girdling species) take advantage of the detached branches and oviposit in them as well.
We also assessed the presence of the stem-boring moth (Dioryctria albovittella, Coleoptera: Pyralidae), which kills the terminal shoots of mature trees causing them to develop a shrub-like appearance rather than a normal, upright conifer architecture (Whitham and Mopper 1985; Brown and others 2001).
"Point Number 13: boring, boring, boring.
But for men who are tired of stem-winding pins boring holes in their hands, NOA has moved the pin from the 3 o'clock position to 9. Why not simply wear a smaller watch?
Larval habits include rolling leaves, leaf mining, boring in stems, or feeding in exposed situations.
