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φ sample is the phase angle of the complex reflection coefficient of the sample and φ shift stems from the misalignment d of the sample and reference, as φ shift=4π d cosα i /λ.
When misalignment stems from hidden actions, executives can bring those actions to the surface unhide them, as it were by creating a contract that rewards or penalizes partners based on outcomes.
One possibility is that the effect of misalignment stems from a weakening of the perceptual grouping of the face parts, which thereby allows the top and bottom halves of the face to be perceived more independently.
The risk of that happening, he said, stemmed from the most basic of misalignments in the economy, between demand, which is rising sharply, and supply, which cannot keep pace.
TMJ problems were originally thought to stem from dental malocclusion — upper and lower teeth misalignment — and improper jaw position.
It stems from self-doubt.
This stems from two trends.
Such caution stems from history.
Racism stems from ignorance.
But their know-how stems from overseas.
Violence doesn't stem from poverty.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com