We observed epistatic variation of the fitness costs associated with antibiotic resistance, stemming from interactions between different resistance elements as observed previously [ 3, 5, 6] and from interactions between resistance elements and beneficial mutations that fixed during adaptation to drug-free conditions.
A major component of climate change unknowns stems from interactions between changes in climate and changes in ecosystems.
It may in fact be that the sex differences revealed here stem from interactions between sex hormones and stress hormones that rise early during acute exercise, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Thus, the induction of breast cancer in the majority of cases stems from interactions between host factors, including genetics and environmental carcinogens.
Stemming from interactions like these, the prominent Black activist W.E.B.
The almost isotropic velocity distribution of the cosmic rays may stem from interactions with waves of the background plasma.
Complex and shear-viscosities showed greater restriction of the nylon chains in NB1 stemming from stronger interaction between B1 and nylon.
The computational simulations reveal a significant synergistic effect in the hybrid Koch structure, stemming from the interaction between the inner Koch wall and the external wall.
Fitness variance owing to maternal effects is also now widely recognized (Mousseau and Fox, 1998) and fitness variance stemming from the interaction between maternal and offspring phenotypes is also known (Moore et al., 1997, 1998; Wolf and Brodie, 1998; Wolf et al., 1999a; Wolf, 2000).
As a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications, obesity is currently reaching epidemic proportions worldwide [1], largely stemming from complex interactions between genetic factors and environmental influences such as overnutrition.
Twenty-nine pairs (45%) were formed by the same nucleotide, suggesting that the pair preferences observed for that nucleotide is not due to base pairing, but to other unknown causes, possibly restrictions stemming from the interactions between these positions and a trans-factor.
