The stereo algorithm described in this section stems from the inference principle based on hierarchical belief propagation and energy minimization.
This introduces an additional source of uncertainty beyond model and measurement error – uncertainty stemming from relying on inexact inference rules.
First, the limitation in causal inference, stemming from the cross-sectional nature of the study, would theoretically affect the temporality of the association.
In so arguing, Merck points to the Supreme Court's observation that in securities-fraud cases, scienter is often proved through inferences stemming from other information, including the misstatement itself.
We have developed a set of tools, contained in accuracy, a package for R and S-plus, to diagnose problems stemming from numerical and measurement error and to improve the accuracy of inferences.
Hypotheses stemming from different research traditions should be tested (concurrently) under different situations, to make inferences about specificity and generalizability.
Bayesian inference stems from the posterior distribution, that is, the conditional distribution of the model parameters given the observed data p θ | C h o l R, where θ denotes the vector of all model parameters, Chol R ) the data vector, p represents the probability density function.
This inference stems from the finding that long GAA repeats suppress transcription of a nearby reporter gene 69; moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments show a significant enrichment in heterochromatin marks such as hypoacetylation of specific lysine residues on histones around the trinucleotide repeats and on the promoter.
Another argument in favor of these inferences stems from the linear relationship between the average gene length of gene families belonging to the respective functional classes and the proportion of genes with repeats in these classes.
I hypothesize that the interventionist approach to causal inference in epidemiology stems from elevating the randomized trial design to the gold standard for thinking about causal inference.
It could be argued that such performance stems from evidence used on probabilistic inferences, but a similar analysis could be done for topological and semantic features.
