Stem loading caused micromotion between the stem and cement.
Accordingly, leaf expansion is delayed relative to stem extension in erect leader shoots of twiners and tendril climbers, thereby reducing stem load and facilitating support searching (Raciborski 1900; Baillaud 1962; French 1977).
Future studies should include a long-term comparison of more stems, loading in different directions, and trying to measure shear stress at the interface.
This newly designed stem distributes loads optimally and attains better primary fixation.
On each occasion, stems were bent to 30 or 40% of the calculated stem failure load, held for five minutes, then slowly released.
In vivo studies demonstrated that stem cell loaded hydrogels increased vascularization by up to 3 fold compared to their cell free counterparts.
Krebsbach et al. [25] demonstrated in vivo bone formation after using bone-marrow-derived stem cells loaded on extracellular matrices, such as hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate, applied as a scaffold.
Stem cells loaded with carboxylesterase were used as a method to target tumor cells due to the ability of the enzyme to convert a prodrug into an active form[51].
There are currently various approaches for cardiac tissue engineering, such as, in situ delivering cells with injectable biomaterials into the infarcted myocardium, in vitro engineering of contractile tissue constructs followed by in vivo implantation, in vitro engineering of stem cell loaded tissue constructs for in vivo myocardium regeneration, and cell sheet tissue engineering.
Implantation of the tissue-engineered bone implants (grown in bioreactors for 5 weeks prior to implantation) into calvarial critical size defects in mice demonstrated the capacity of these systems to induce advanced bone formation within 5 weeks, whereas the implantation of stem cell loaded silk scaffolds, and scaffolds alone resulted in less bone formation.
