Stem loading caused micromotion between the stem and cement.
This analysis showed, that for a standard straight stem, loads are mainly transferred through the distal half of the stem (Fig. 1a).
Future studies should include a long-term comparison of more stems, loading in different directions, and trying to measure shear stress at the interface.
On each occasion, stems were bent to 30 or 40% of the calculated stem failure load, held for five minutes, then slowly released.
They tested several therapeutic scenarios demonstrating the critical need to target specifically the stem cell load for successful therapy [40].
More than half the patients in the present study's RA group presented a biconcave or biplanar disk shape, however, combined with a large number of additional signs of degeneration, such as flattening or central, respectively, and overall thinning, which could stem from load stress as well as pathological processes.
In vivo studies demonstrated that stem cell loaded hydrogels increased vascularization by up to 3 fold compared to their cell free counterparts.
Krebsbach et al. [25] demonstrated in vivo bone formation after using bone-marrow-derived stem cells loaded on extracellular matrices, such as hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate, applied as a scaffold.
Stem cells loaded with carboxylesterase were used as a method to target tumor cells due to the ability of the enzyme to convert a prodrug into an active form[51].
There are currently various approaches for cardiac tissue engineering, such as, in situ delivering cells with injectable biomaterials into the infarcted myocardium, in vitro engineering of contractile tissue constructs followed by in vivo implantation, in vitro engineering of stem cell loaded tissue constructs for in vivo myocardium regeneration, and cell sheet tissue engineering.
