The latter uses a repetitive controller to improve steady-state reference tracking and disturbance rejection in order to tackle harmonic and imbalance problems.
Analytical solutions were used to derive steady-state reference rupture stresses, from which the effects of pipe dimensions and the tri-axial stress state parameter can be assessed.
The results confirm the validity of the steady-state reference rupture stress in life prediction for a wide range of pipe geometries and tri-axial stress state parameter.
In this paper, the steady-state reference rupture stresses are presented for a wide geometry range of internally pressurised pipes, under a closed-end condition, in order to investigate the applicability of the approach in life prediction.
This issue is not surprising as the lin-log kinetics are derived from thermodynamics concepts and are in principle valid only around steady state (or reference state) [ 20].
At steady state, at each reference edge, the converter count will increment by 2.25 (in our example).
The data demonstrate the general result that small discrepencies between the actual and the chosen reference steady state give rise to imperfect, cusp-like bifurcations.
These indices are determined by perturbation experiments, or through (log)linear analysis of nonlinear mathematical models, around a reference steady state, and, therefore, the predictive power of MCA is limited to small changes in the metabolic parameters.
For example, the sum of cofactors and their intermediates in the new perturbed condition must be equal to those in reference steady state.
In EM, initially, an ensemble of models that all reach the reference steady state in terms of flux distribution is constructed.
The reference steady state fluxes are obtained as described above, while the range of Gibbs free energies are calculated from the standard Gibbs free energies [34] allowing for a one-hundred fold change in metabolite concentrations.
