We adopt the strategies of localized interactions, steady-state reproduction, and random symbiotic partner selection.
In the GA, we adopt the strategy of localized evolution and steady-state reproduction to promote population diversity and search efficiency.
Nutrient availability is critical for cell division and intracellular metabolite cycling, and once nutrients such as N or P become depleted or limited in the medium, invariably, a steady decline in cellular reproduction rate ensues.
In addition to asexual reproduction and steady-state tissue replacement, Hydra can undergo sexual reproduction.
We show how to determine the various basic reproduction numbers from steady state estimates in the patched network and knowledge of additional model parameters, hereby identifying parasite sources in the process.
It rendered him unable to generate a steady pulse, prevented adequate discrimination and reproduction of novel metrical rhythms, and partly contributed to bi-manual co-ordination difficulties in his instrumental performance.
Meanwhile, the immigration of infected individuals induces the loss of disease-free steady state and hence no basic reproduction number.
In this work, the exact reproduction of a moving-water steady flow via the numerical solution of the one-dimensional shallow water equations is studied.
In Section 3, we calculate the basic reproduction number and discuss the existence of feasible steady states of system (1.4) with the boundary conditions (1.5).
By means of suitable Lyapunov functionals and LaSalle's invariance principle, it is proven that if the basic reproduction number is less than unity, the disease-free steady state is globally asymptotically stable; if the basic reproduction number is greater than unity, the endemic steady state is globally asymptotically stable.
By constructing suitable Lyapunov functionals and using LaSalle's invariance principle, it has been shown that if the basic reproduction number is less than unity, the disease-free steady state is globally asymptotically stable and the disease dies out; if the basic reproduction number is greater than unity, the endemic steady state is globally asymptotically stable and the disease persists.
