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Unlike "steady" measurements using pneumatic pressure probes, unsteady measurements require rapid-response devices to record the fluctuations in the flow.
LES, RANS and unsteady RANS (URANS) models all showed reasonable agreement with steady measurements within the disc cavity, but only the LES shows unsteadiness at a similar distinct peak frequency to that found in the experiment, at 23 times the rotational frequency.
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The collecting time for each steady measurement was 200 s (i.e., the last 200 s in the 500 s measurement displayed in Fig. 2).
"Rolling" deviations in the CO2 signal were observed when switching between modes in which the signal exhibited some hysteresis and was slow to achieve a steady measurement immediately following the change in flow paths.
Values were recorded after 1 min of steady measurement.
Anodic behaviour of Mg in HCO−3/CO2−3 buffer solutions was studied by quasi-steady measurements on high purity magnesium electrodes in solutions of pH between 9 and 11, and with total concentration of carbonates between 10−2 and 1 M. Two domains of passivity were observed, each with essentially potential independent corrosion rates.
In this study, along with steady shear measurements, oscillatory shear measurements were performed to examine the viscoelastic properties.
Table 4 Rheological parameters calculated from the steady shear measurements and the dynamic oscillatory measurements.
Towards this end, two methodological approaches for assessment of Ca2+ responses to toxicants are examined: steady state measurements and complex spatial and/or temporal measurements.
To obtain a steady state measurement, all temperature measurements were taken at least 300 s after the onset of spraying or any change in the heat impact.
In practice often only steady state measurements of perturbation experiments are available.
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