Heterogeneous charge distributions on the substrate are found to lead to steady curved interface shapes.
A computational approach is presented for steady Dupuit interface flow where the aquifer extends below the sea.
A detailed approach is outlined to determine the head at the coastline so that the solution below the leaky seabed may be combined with any type of steady Dupuit interface flow in the aquifer below the land.
Applying the present model, a comparative study with the model of Ludwig (Physica D 1998 124 271) was performed to show the kinetics of the steady-state interface.
For flux-controlled confined layered coastal systems, by contrast, SLR can not cause variation of the steady-state interface toe location, which is consistent with previous findings for homogeneous coastal aquifers.
Combining the non-steady-state interface conditions with the present model and the model of Ludwig, the non-equilibrium transients after temperature perturbation were studied to show the evolution of the interface conditions, where the quasi-steady-states are reached after a very short time span (10−10 s).
When cementing horizontal wells, it is essential to keep the displacement interface steady, in order to achieve good cementing quality, especially in eccentric annuli.
Beyond Cau = 20, we predict that the steady-state meniscus interface shape is insensitive to Ca, and that the pressure drop is directly proportional to a viscous pressure scale.
Calculations of pressure drop and liquid holdup are observed to compare favourably with experimental measurements, and predicted flow quantities such as velocity and wall shear stress are also satisfactory, provided that the flow conditions at the gas liquid interface remain steady or quasi-steady.
The electrochemical properties of these three electrolytes were investigated for ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability window, steady state current fraction, interface resistance and lithium/electrolyte interface stability.
