Fig. 1 Mean number of autonomic symptoms with 95% confidence interval (CI) for different status of pain side.
The survey was designed to sample views on the current status of pain management and on obstacles to the provision of adequate pain relief for patients.
Recall might be also influenced by patient characteristics including age, gender, surgery-expectations and the current status of pain and physical functioning [ 24].
Participants will also be asked about their current status of pain, function, and work status and whether a serious spinal pathology has been diagnosed as the cause of their low back pain episode.
There was not a significant association between the PIPS' total score and most demographic characteristics including gender, age, marital status, duration of pain, education level or work status.
Validated standard questionnaires were used to collect information on participants' health (SF-36 [ 13]) and pain status (set of pain questions with manikins and Chronic Pain Grade [ 14]).
Patient reports of benefit were not reflected by health status measures of pain, HAQ scores, EQ-5D utility scores and self rated global health (EQ VAS).
There was no significant association between CPAQ total score and most demographic characteristics, including age, sex, marital status, duration of pain or education level.
The following principal variables were covered: knowledge, attitudes and practices related to oral health; dietary habits; self-assessment of oral and general health status; experience of pain and discomfort; patterns of physical exercise; residential area; and socio-economic situation.
The analyses of DIF were calculated for seven variables (gender, age, educational level, employment status, intensity of pain, subjective limitations due to CVD and cardiovascular diagnoses) and were performed by variance-based statistic.
However, the functional status of central pain mechanisms, i.e., central sensitization and conditioned pain modulation (CPM), has not been investigated in this population.
