All eight smoking status gradients were statistically significant, with ex-smokers and never smokers having the highest approval rates, and less-than-daily smokers having the lowest approval rates.
In the last decades the mortality after a cardiovascular event has steadily declined in Western societies [ 1, 2], though a socioeconomic status (SES) gradient still persists [ 3].
The socioeconomic status inequality gradient can be seen clearly; people in lower wealth quintiles were concentrated more among the poor, while people in higher wealth quintiles were concentrated more among the rich.
This socio-economic status (SES) gradient in health extends from the bottom to the top of the SES spectrum with increments in individual SES, however measured, conferring incremental health benefits.
Water transfer behavior, local reactants' RH status, temperature gradients and their impacts on current distributions are analyzed based on the in situ measurements and the coupled model analysis.
Chewed tobacco use by women showed inverse socioeconomic status (SES) gradients comparing the illiterates (7.4%) versus postgraduates (0.33%), and poorest (17%) versus richest (2%) quintiles.
We examined smoking status and gradients of smoking duration/intensity in relation to OS and DFS in a cohort of over 700 CRC patients.
At the ecosystem or community levels, the specific relationships of grassland productivity and growth functions with water status including precipitation gradient are receiving more and more attention.
When split by mental illness status, this same gradient can be seen within those with and without mental illness, but there are significant differences in smoking rates by mental illness status for each household tenure type.
The pattern of association between socioeconomic factors and poor health status showed a gradient from more to less advantaged for both education and wage, which was common in men and women.
