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For more than three taxa, the s-taxon statistics containing rooting information can also be used to infer the correct rooted tree.
The features of each object, including morphometric properties (the area, circularity, and perimeter length), object boundary, shape features, frequency domain features, and spatial statistics containing Gray level co-occurrence matrix measures are used for identification.
The statistics containing both root position and topological information comprise the third class and include all EP statistics that are not in Class 1 or 2. Examples of Class 3 statistics include the three-taxon statistics (4)–(15), the four-taxon statistic #R1Y2S3Z4 and the five-taxon statistic S1R2Y3R4S5.
The second class are statistics containing topological information but no rooting information and are linear combinations of counts, U = #X1X2X3 … Xs where for exactly two taxa i, j ∈ {1, …, s} X i = X j = R, for exactly two taxa m, n ∈ {1, …, s} X m = X n = Y, and for all other k ∈ (1, …, s} X k = S.
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