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It makes use of the fraction-of-time (FOT) probability framework (based on time averages of the signals) which is closely related to the theory of high-order statistics (based on statistical expectations of the signals), by ways of statistical moments and cumulants.
These statistical expectations depart from typical observations even in modern society, as a result of persistent social customs that for evolutionists are examples of assortative mating.
Thus an institution that is adept at taking in students with low entry qualifications and converting them into graduates with the best degrees will score highly in the value added measure, since the number of students getting a first or 2 1 will have exceeded statistical expectations.
The trace and statistical expectations are denoted by tr and E. Rounding to the largest integer not greater than x is given by the floor function ⌊x⌋.
Engineers, in particular, are mostly interested in weak numerical solutions, which provide a faster and simpler computational framework to obtain the statistical expectations (moments) of the response functions.
Here, we show in the case of nanocrystalline nickel pillars, for which there is a fixed microstructural length scale set by the grain size, that smaller is still stronger and find that this behavior derives from statistical expectations that have long been used to understand the size-dependent strength of brittle solids such as glass.
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In a study of 30 offenders in Toronto who had taken part in circles, three re-offended, whereas the statistical expectation would have been for seven to do so - a reduction of over 50% in this small sample.
E denotes statistical expectation.
stands for the statistical expectation.
E means a statistical expectation.
where E denotes statistical expectation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com