Exact(3)
Faced with the challenge of raising all students to academic proficiency by 2014, however, some states simply lowered their standards, while many others came up with statistical devices to exclude whole groups of children from the law's umbrella.
According to the standard account of early British trials in the 1930s and 1940s, their impartiality was just rhetorical: the public demanded fair tests and statistical devices such as randomization created an appearance of neutrality.
Teachers may perceive Learning Circle as a lower or poorer form of professional learning tool than action research, while Action Research as a higher or stronger form of professional learning tool by virtue of its reliance on quantitative and statistical devices.
Similar(5)
The OECD, which runs Pisa, says it calculates "plausible values" for the missing scores, and this is a standard statistical device.
About 26 states are also using a statistical device known as a confidence interval, a cushion for error based on the size of the sample, and 7 more have asked to follow suit.
This statistical device allows the calculation of premiums the prices to be charged the members of a group of living subscribers with specified characteristics, who by pooling their resources in this statistical sense provide their heirs with financial benefits.
Thus we standardized scores into what are, roughly, "standard deviation equivalents" using the statistical device known as Z-scores.
Figure 2 The large-scale statistical device simulation method of RDF on the device's channel region.
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