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Accordingly, the daily return series are subject to leptokurtic distribution with the kurtosis statistic being 17.74 and skewness statistic calculated as −0.76.
The unpermuted statistic was then tested against the resulting surrogate null distribution to derive a p-value, representing the probability that a value at least as large as the statistic being tested might be obtained by chance under the null hypothesis.
However, the same models as above arose (see Table 2), this statistic being discarded as an explanatory variable of the ϕ.
Significance tests used to detect selection signatures should measure the probability of a statistic being an outlier value compared to its expected distribution under a neutral model.
The odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the ORs were calculated, with the Wald statistic being used to determine significance of predictors.
The calibration intercepts and slopes also demonstrated good calibration for all three models, with each unreliability statistic being insignificant (Medicare p = .332, VGNW p = .756, BAR p = .581).581
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One statistic is indisputable.
The statistic is startling.
The second statistic was unimaginable.
Eventually, that statistic was broken.
One statistic is particularly telling.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com