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It utilizes the transmitted symbol constant modulus characters and high-order statistic amount of signal channel output[14].
where A 2 = E s n 4 E s n 2 is a constant real number depending on the high-order statistic amount, whose self-adaptive algorithm can be described as w p k + 1 = w p k − μ ∂ L CMA y k ∂ w p (2) w p k + 1 = w p k + μg y k x * k − p, (3).
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This statistic assesses the amount of total variation explained by the model.
This statistic assesses the amount of total variation not explained by the predictions when a fixed effects model (with explained variation not incorporated) is examined; lower QE values are desired.
When I see a statistic for the amount of rented storage space in the United States, I'm inclined to nod and say, "Makes sense".
Fundraising Efficiency: This important statistic shows the amount of contributions left after subtracting the cost of getting them.
For that reason, we calculated a statistic representing the amount of taxon overlap between the potentially informative loci.
According to the final statistic outcome, the amount of blood transfusion decreased with use of TXA for patients undergoing spinal surgery and fewer patients required blood transfusion.
The Kendall's coefficient of concordance test statistic measured the amount of agreement between participants on how they ranked the order of the response levels for the questions used in the ranking task.
The Kappa statistic expresses the amount of agreement (over and above that expected due to chance alone) between the dichotomous assessments of depression (present vs. absent) that are based on the imputed and observed SDS scale scores.
The I statistic indicates the amount of variation across studies due to true differences (heterogeneity) rather than chance (sampling error), and is expressed as a proportion of the total observed variance.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com