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The integration of a vast (in kind and in scope) number of research papers into a statement of causation for either policy or to satisfy legal requirements, in both the United States and the EU, relies on experts.
This descriptive study from a clinical setting is not designed to make statements about causation.
Though Sanday's (Sanday PR 1981, ch. 3) most explicit statement claims that the direction of causation goes only from left to right in Table 2, other remarks show that she thought there were feedback relations between most of the four variables.
This correlation (noted in the latter statement), enhanced by its implication of causation (in the former) has gotten a lot of traction; a New York Times columnist even prescribed additional STEM immigration as a cure for the nation's persistent unemployment.
Petitioners contended that the statements of Joiner's experts regarding causation were nothing more than speculation.
"Even though the UME may have overlapped in some areas with the oil spill, correlation is not evidence of causation," chief spokesman for BP Geoff Morrell said in a written statement.
A limitation of our study is the cross-sectional design, which allows no statements concerning causation.
That is the doctrine of causation.
The precise chain of causation remains murky.
But many reject a chain of causation.
But correlation isn't always causation, and the study does not offer evidence of causation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com