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Even though ontologically annotated character-by-taxon matrices are tremendously useful for applications that compare data published by different authors at different times in different publications, using these data to construct a phylogenetic supermatrix [27] composed of EQ statements from multiple studies is inherently fraught with challenges.
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For this reason, we created the terms 'confidence statement from multiple evidence lines of same type' and 'confidence statement from multiple evidence lines of multiple types', where evidence type corresponds to any evidence term in ECO.
This led us to create two branches in the ontology: a 'confidence statement from single evidence' branch' and a 'confidence statement from multiple evidence lines' branch.
Note that the rationales are the same when using terms from the branch 'confidence statement from multiple evidence lines of multiple types'.
The overall confidence in the assertion, assessed from all available evidence lines, would then be summarized using a term from the 'confidence statement from multiple evidence lines' branch.
Another potential modification could be to generate an additional summary line, when several annotations are available in support of an assertion, summarizing all of them; this additional line could be assigned a term from the 'confidence statement from multiple evidence lines' branch.
Summary confidence annotations could then be automatically generated and assigned a confidence term from the 'confidence statement from multiple evidence lines' branch, as it is the case, e.g. in the Bgee homology annotations, as long as individual assertions are provided with confidence information and ECO terms.
In his decision, Wiley wrote that the defense's claim that New York police had no probable cause to arrest Hernandez was "utterly without merit," noting statements to police from multiple people saying Hernandez had admitted to killing a child in New York, which "more than meet the burden of probable cause".
Similar or near-identical statements were frequently derived from multiple sources, and they were not repeated in the questionnaire.
Late Friday, apparently in an effort to counter the perception of a split, Mr. Ashcroft and Mr. Ridge put out a joint statement saying that "we are working together" to deter terrorist attacks.Citing many high-profile events over the summer, the statement said, "Credible intelligence from multiple sources indicates that Al Qaeda plans to attempt an attack on the United States during this period".
The Douglas County Sheriff's Office issued a statement saying that police units from multiple jurisdictions have responded to the scene.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com