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The relevant proposals offered by the state ratification conventions of 1787-88 all dealt with the need to preserve the militia as an alternative to a standing army.
At state ratification conventions, it was promoted as a tool for Congress to rein in any officeholder who "dares to abuse the power vested in him by the people".
An article on Sunday about renewed efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment referred imprecisely to the deadline established for state ratification when the measure was approved by Congress in 1972.
By the 1982 deadline for state ratification, just 35 states had approved the amendment, three short of the number needed.
Following contentious battles in several states, the proposed Constitution reached that nine state ratification plateau in June 1788.
During the constitutional convention and the state ratification debates, only South Carolina delegate Pierce Butler questioned Madison's profundity.
Similar(53)
She launched her crusade, STOP ERA, in the fall of 1972, and by the following spring the amendment had won thirty of the necessary thirty-eight state ratifications.
Unfortunately, few States will be attending the party, as it is one of the least respected human rights conventions, taking more than 12 years to gather the 20 State ratifications it needed to come into force (in July 2003), and picking up only a further 22 ratifications since then.
Some ERA proponents believe the 1972 language remains constitutionally viable and that only three additional state ratifications are required for the amendment to be adopted, while others believe that Congress must start from scratch since the ratification deadline passed in 1982.
With 27 member states, ratification is so difficult.
Schlafly's STOP-ERA Campaign gained traction, in effect slowing -- and eventually killing -- the required 38-state ratification of the ERA.
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