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The starting value for each parameter was obtained from the published literature.
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Parameter starting values for each analysis are in Table 2.
Based on the model of the differential force, a starting value for the optimisation process is computed.
However, in the present method, the predicted wheel-rail forces by the Weighted Least-Squares Error (WLSE) predictor are used as the starting value for the current step.
Therefore, the success of the linearization depends only on the starting value for approximation.
In the first iteration, as a starting value, for Dec-1 the a priori probability for 1 and 0 bits is taken as ½.
One just has to apply the EM algorithm to (mathcal {M}_{2}) and use the solution as starting value for (mathcal {M}_{3}).
The 0.5 is a starting value for all computations.
NLMIXED uses 1 as starting value for all parameters for which no starting values have been specified.
A freshly thawed aliquot was used as a reference starting value for conjugation.
The starting value for the chain was computed from the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm.
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