The estimates of Θ and M (for all three DNA regions) and r (for ITS only) from three preliminary runs were averaged and used to set the start values for the final analysis which consisted of one long chain, 10,000,000 steps, a 10,000 step burn-in, and 3 replicates.
Hence, we first estimated the start values for the variance-components of the mixed models using the hpmixed procedure of SAS to enhance computational efficiency.
Since k-means needs a fixed number of clusters k and appropriate start values for the centroids, used k-means++ [ 22] for estimating good starting values and give it an advantage by assigning the true number of partitions.
Based on the model of the differential force, a starting value for the optimisation process is computed.
However, in the present method, the predicted wheel-rail forces by the Weighted Least-Squares Error (WLSE) predictor are used as the starting value for the current step.
The results of the statistical analysis in ([2], Figure 3) (see Additional file 1: S3) clearly show that a distance of 0.2 m is an appropriate starting value for the regression analysis.
At t = τ 2, the final value f ( τ 2 ) of the calculation of surface C is chosen as starting value for the calculation of surface B. The coordinates of the surfaces B and C can be calculated as x B / C ( t ) = x S ( t ) + f ( t ) cos ( t ˜ ( t ) ), (13a) y B / C ( t ) = y S ( t ) + f ( t ) sin ( t ˜ ( t ) ). (13b).
The INITGLM option was used to enable models to converge, using the estimates from a generalized linear model fit as the starting value for the generalized linear mixed model.
The starting value for the chain was computed from the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm.
The first is used as a starting value for the waning of VZV-CMI, whereas the second is used as a starting value for the decay of VZV-CMI after vaccination.
