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The total heat-transfer coefficient at the upper surface of the workpiece sharply decreased at the start of heating, and then steadily increased as heating progressed, while a sharp decrease became a rapid increase and then a slow increase for the radiative heat-transfer coefficient.
The amount of heat loss through the adsorber-collector was calculated using the coefficient of loss over the solar heating time and an interval of temperatures between the temperature of adsorption (temperature at start of heating) and temperature of generation (temperature at end of heating).
Using Eq. (12), we cover the full time of heating process t max on a range of wall adsorber-collector temperatures from Tp min (temperature of adsorber-collector wall at the start of heating) to Tp max (temperature of adsorber-collector wall at the end of heating).
MEL (7.5 mg kg-1) was administered at the start of heating and concentrations assayed from 20-90 min by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
From a starting temperature of 30 °C, using a constant bulb voltage, fast rates of heating (7.5 ± 1 °C/s measured over 2 s from the start of heating) were used to preferentially activate myelinated heat nociceptors, whereas slow rates of heating (2.5 ± 1 °C/s measured over 4 s from the start of heating) were used to preferentially activate unmyelinated nociceptors.
The heat controller was set to start randomly in order to produce a variable delay in the start of heating so that neither horse nor operator knew when heating began.
Similar(54)
At the start of heat flow, if we increase the concentration, the average Nusselt number is always higher than its value at lower concentration level, but as the process moves toward the steady state, the average Nusselt number decreases after a fixed concentration level, and this concentration level depends upon the temperature of the plate.
As elevations in hepcidin expression persisted in the transgenic embryos at 6 hours after the start of heat shock (54 hpf) and were not associated with an increase in hepcidin expression in WT embryos subjected to heat shock, this time point was selected for subsequent experiments.
Blood samples were taken at 4 hours after the start of heat exposure for determination of TNF- α, IL-10, and intercellular adhesion molecule−1 (ICAM-1) levels.
One week after the start of heat treatment, rosette diameters were measured and leaf damage scored as damaged leaves/total leaves for each plant.
At the start of the heating period (1000-3000 ps), heat is transferred to the meniscus from the platinum wall region and evaporation is observed.
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