Contrary to general belief, planted and naturalized stands of introduced species facilitate the recovery of natural evergreen forests and their diversity.
Contrary to general belief, planted and naturalized stands of introduced species facilitate the recovery of natural evergreen forests and their diversity (Knight et al. 1987; Geldenhuys 1992, 1996a, 1997; Parrotta 1995; Loumeto & Huttel 1997; Parrotta & Turnbull 1997; Geldenhuys & Delvaux 2007).
We compared the plant understorey between stands of introduced Pinus contorta and native P. sylvestris in boreal northern Sweden using a chronosequence of 24 paired stands of P. contorta or P. sylvestris.
Our results show that many native epigaeic beetle species and the most common understory plants do occur in middle-aged stands of the introduced lodgepole pine in Sweden.
Several studies, globally, have shown the role of planted tree stands of both introduced and native species stands to facilitate or nurse the establishment of natural forest species under their canopies (Knight et al. 1987; Geldenhuys 1992, 1996a, 1997; Parrotta 1995; Loumeto & Huttel 1997; Parrotta & Turnbull 1997; Geldenhuys & Delvaux 2007).
Although it is strongly adapted to endemic tree heaths, it also breeds in broom, relict laurel forest, oak-dominated deciduous forest and stands of the introduced Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica.
The taller and denser canopies (Meadows 2006; Mozdzer and Zieman 2010; Mozdzer and Megonigal 2012) and thick litter layer (Holdredge and Bertness 2011) in stands of the introduced lineage cumulatively result in reduced light availability.
At the current level of invasion, researchers have also observed no significant difference in the use by birds, fish or amphibians of introduced P. australis stands compared with adjacent non-invaded vegetation types (Le Groupe Phragmites 2012) but some habitat thresholds may have to be reached at the landscape scale before impacts on the fauna can be identified.
Similarly, researchers following the invasion front of introduced P. australis into native P. australis stands have found limited evidence to indicate that native stands are being replaced rapidly by introduced P. australis (S. de Blois, unpubl. data).
Understanding of the subjective experiences of others is necessary to be able to understand the altering of social practices and to stand a good chance of introducing a socially feasible energy system.
Planted and naturalizing stands of shade-intolerant introduced tree species of pines, eucalypts, acacias and other species facilitate the establishment of shade-tolerant native forest species, with the development of alien plant communities (Knight et al. 1987; Geldenhuys 1992, 1996a, 1997; Parrotta 1995; Loumeto & Huttel 1997; Parrotta & Turnbull 1997; Geldenhuys & Delvaux 2007).
