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Red triangles stand for the 12 selected stands in this study.
Individual stands in this study have been observed by different groups for periods of 2-50 years.
Therefore, a constant EF value of 1.545 was used to calculate the whole tree biomass for all 12 stands in this study.
We did maintain some large trees in the managed stands in this study because otherwise, basal area harvesting would have been too destructive, but our results suggest that leaving trees above a given maximum diameter must be an ongoing requirement.
It is not clear what caused the large variability in k H and LAD in Stand 2. This level of variability is also large in comparison to each of the other stands in this study.
The stands in this study were composed of monocultures or mixtures of up to four species and all but one of the five data sets contained different tree spacing treatments, resulting in different vertical and horizontal complexity of the canopies (Table 1).
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This is also the case for stands selected in this study, which show signs of past harvests of a few large trees over the last three decades.
While the majority of the stands used in this study were established as woodlots, none of the expected management after planting was undertaken.
In the stands used in this study, sample designs with plots larger than 0.04 ha are likely to require an increased sample size to compensate for the drop in efficiency if the same level of precision is required.
It is worth noting that while there was clearly some variability in k H in the five stands examined in this study, this variability, in terms of standard deviations, was only about half that for typical (non-uniform canopy) extinction coefficients, k (Table 4).
Although the 4% increase in uncertainty reflects the taxonomic composition of the forest stands sampled in this study, we believe that future work should consider this source of uncertainty when reporting EAGB estimates.
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