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Resisting pathogens can be energetically costly, and there is a wealth of evidence showing both the standing costs of resistance and the cost of evolving the resistant trait, particularly in reference to immunocompetence (Schmid-Hempel 2005).
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This study as a free standing cost analysis, despite its inability to compute the cost-effectiveness ratio, provided important empirical evidence for programme management and ultimately for value-for-money decision making.
And when we then added in several other factors the need to cut our standing labor costs, the demands of Brazilian labor law, the dynamic example of our own peculiar Nucleus of Technological Innovation, which I'll come back to in a moment what began taking shape was a radically new principle of organization.
But it also means most bills will include a new standing charge, costing up to £400 a year.
Standing tickets cost two shillings, seat prices ranged from five shillings to one guinea.
Enhancing catalytic water-splitting activity under mild environments is significant to solve the long-standing cost, safety and stability issues in photoelectrochemical cells.
EPA failed to offer a rational basis for the RIA's departure from long-standing cost-benefit practices and climate science.
"They cannot manufacture standing by incurring costs in anticipation of nonimminent harms," he wrote of the plaintiffs.
That seems a reasonable way to go and a lot better than standing by as costs continue to spiral out of control.
That formed part of a prolonged period of low interest rates, with borrowing costs standing at 2% between 1932 and 1951, apart from a short period when they were raised to reassure financial markets at the start of the second world war.
Alito simply said that the parties could not prove that they were subject to surveillance – since the Obama administration has classified such evidence – and insisted that their fears and precautionary actions are merely efforts to "manufacture standing by incurring costs in anticipation of non-imminent harms".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com