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Syntheses of the standards of phase II biotransformation products were also described; some of these reactions are very simple (N-acylation [ 27]), other reactions require an experienced synthesist [ 61, 174– 174].
In the drug metabolite identification, the structure of the parent drug is always known; hence, the ionization and fragmentation behavior can be studied first with the parent drug and, if available, standards of phase I metabolites.
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This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites.
This limits the risk of wrongly concluding therapy efficacy, thereby meeting the methodological standards of a Phase II randomized study.
The standard deviation of phase tracking errors is around 5°.
Compared with conventional Fourier transform profilometry (FTP), the standard deviation of phase difference between these two methods reaches only 0.75%.
The standard deviation of phase differences between sweep and buffered copies (i.e., at 200 kHz repetition rate) retrieved from the same measurement was 47 mrad (0.79 mm/s).
The standard deviation of phase distribution in the inner of the cell denoted by S N can be defined as follows: where ϕ i is the phase value of the red blood cell corresponding to each image pixel, ϕ ¯ is the average phase-shift value caused by a single red blood cell, and N is the total number of image pixels.
After applying a phase compensation algorithm where bulk motion was calculated and removed using a histogram-based method [ 23], the standard deviation of phase differences between successive sweeps over a mirror was measured to be 0.11 rad, corresponding to a minimum measurable axial velocity of 0.7 mm/s in tissue.
For the first 2 hours, PEEP was set according to the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network standard-of-care recommendations (phase A).
Development of oncologic therapies has traditionally been performed in a sequence of clinical trials intended to assess safety (phase I), preliminary efficacy (phase II), and improvement over the standard of care (phase III) in homogeneous (in terms of tumor type and disease stage) patient populations.
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