We standardized the vectors in two steps: The frequencies of all k-tuples in each sample were normalized by the total count of k-tuples to remove the effect of different sequencing depths between samples; then for each feature, the component values across all samples were standardized to mean = 0, variance = 1.
The angles between regression vectors were calculated as the arc-cosine of the inner product of regression vectors standardized to unit lengths [ 45, 46].
It replaces the data standardization step of MLSA, which standardizes every row vector to length one.
The total amount of transfected DNA was standardized by adding empty vectors.
In particular, n(r̂n−r) is shown to converge weakly to a random variable which minimizes a compound Poisson process, a suitably standardized coefficient parameter M-estimator vector is shown to be asymptotically normal, and independent of n(r̂n−r).
Now let w represent the relative partition energy of Miyazawa and Jernigan [31] (MIYS990101), and n represent the contact number vector of a protein standardized by subtracting the average value from each element.
Since the weight vector W and the membership matrix R have been standardized, there is no need to standardize the vector of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation result.
Finally, I standardized scores of leaves along the circularity vector to range from 0 to 1 and compared to calculated values of the circularity shape factor (CSF), the most commonly used metric of circularity, for each specimen.
Moreover, because all procedures described here are standardized, the method may easily be adapted to vectors lacking the target regions used here and/or to other plant models.
