We also presented trends in breeding values standardized in Haldanes (in units of standard deviation, Table 2).
We calculated the covariance between standard length and relative fitness to measure the absolute selection differential, s (reported in cm), and standardized selection differential, s' (reported in units of phenotypic standard deviations; Lande and Arnold 1983).
This procedure is standardized in our unit.
Values were standardized using their range to eliminate variation in units of measure [43].
In order to visualize and compare across the 2 shipments, the x-axis (in units of days) was standardized such that elapsed time was relative to the moment of shipment from Biol.
In order to make selection gradients comparable across traits, we standardized the trait values prior to the analysis (to mean of zero and SD of one), so that all traits were expressed in units of standard deviations [ 58].
Note that to avoid the length factor, the number of cases is standardized in the distance unit, e. g. by kilometer of road.
In middle work, a workflow platform creates standardized units of work, while a marketplace of human labor provides pools of workers who bring creativity and judgment to the tasks at hand.
The International System of Units standardized its unit of time, the second, on the properties of cesium in 1967.
Table 1 indicates the bias, in standardized (SD) units, for each of ANOVA and CSA, again in relation to ANCOVA.
Finally, and very significantly, Brown halted the franchising of restaurants and insisted that all new outlets be take-home units, housed in freestanding buildings and standardized in appearance and menu.
