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Biomarker values were normalized and standardized for comparison.
The information was summarized and standardized for comparison across countries, focusing on the main components of the definitions and classification of pharmaceutical products (until December 2013).
Images of the marginal musculature in longitudinal section (collected from histology and published photos, drawings, and descriptions) were standardized for comparison and analysis by creating new drawings depicting the columnar mesoglea of the marginal region with the muscle attachment sites.
Care was taken to ensure that conditions including aliquot volumes, TrE calculations, growth media, heat-shock duration, final resuspension volumes and plasmid were standardized for comparisons.
The standard, positively correlated and random pathogen environments are standardized for better comparison.
Due to both experimental and technical variability, the signal must be standardized for proper comparison among experiments.
All the three environments are standardized for better comparison (cf. section Simulations).
No commonly accepted and standardized method for comparison exists yet.
In the present study, several processes were standardized for more effective comparison of the study subjects including the anesthesia protocol, the temperature measurement, and administration of pain medication.
To standardize the comparison for items with unique contexts and response options (such as asking how many minutes it takes to walk a mile) the most negative response option was considered equivalent to "With Much Difficulty" or "Unable to Do".
To standardize the data for comparison, litres were converted to grams of alcohol consumed per day (g/d) in calculating daily ingestions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com