SD scores are calculated as [observed serum IGF-I level – population mean serum IGF-I level (standardized for age and gender)]/population standardized standard deviation.
To enable the cognitive scores to be more easily interpretable, we standardized all scores to give scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 (analogous to how intelligence quotient [IQ] scores are usually standardized).
We then standardized all response and explanatory variables before the analyses using z-scores (i.e. scaling data to mean 0, standard deviation (sd) 1), to allow us to compare coefficients between forest attributes and ecosystem services.
The degree of variation in preferences did not differ between sexes (two-sample Ansari-Bradley tests, for stature: AB = 4806, p = 0.44; for body mass: AB = 4663, p = 0.97; for BMI: AB = 4435, p = 0.25) and this also remains true if preferences are standardized by standard deviations of actual partners' values for each trait within sexes (for all tests p>0.2).
As the coverage is dependent on the depth of ChIP-seq, we use correlation coefficients that are standardized by standard deviations.
All trait values were standardized by standard deviation, so that the total variance was equal to 1.
Prior to running the PCA, the elements of each cross-products matrix were "correlated" (centered and standardized by standard deviation) to remove magnitude differences among variables [37].
Predictor variables were standardized (setting standard deviation to 1 and mean to 0) such that odds ratios could be compared as measures of effect size.
The data is analyzed by means and standardized deviations statistically.
The daily standardized deviations for each monitor on each day were averaged, producing a daily averaged standardized deviation.
Based on the first 10 orders of approximations, we demonstrate through simulation the reasonable convergence of the obtained probabilistic approximation algorithm to the maximum possible sample standardized deviation associated to a given probability distribution on the real line.
