The standardization of activity/property values might include conversion to common units (e.g. mmol/l) and (re- formatting (e.g. re- formattingcation).
Differences in protein expression levels were quantified after standardization of all values using the appropriate loading controls (β-actin, ERK).
Unfortunately, while cut-off values exist to identify elevations in WC by age in adolescents [ 7, 9], there is a lack of precise percentiles to permit such standardization of WC values in adolescents.
The differential expression of miR-126-3p miR-126-3p miR-126-3pcence observeduringifferent cellularesenescenceue tobservedfferent metabolin set-up of cells, to different in vitro cellure conditypes, and/or to a different standardization of expression values.
Furthermore, the lack standardization of ADC values (mainly due to the use of different sequences and different gradient-shape design by the manufacturers) still suggests caution in the routine application of the technique.
Analyzing the metabolic tumor response based on [F]FDG uptake according to the EORTC (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer) criteria is an attractive option, but limited by lack of standardization of uptake values.
Therefore in clinical practice and clinical trials the variability of ADC measurements should be minimised by standardization of b values, standardising imaging protocols and by consistent placement of serial ROI over time which is essential to ensure reproducibility of data.
The prerequisites include image standardization (of gray value range, distribution, magnification in relation to object measurements, etc)., detection of regions of interest (ROI), standardized image transformation procedures, and sophisticated statistical algorithms of flexible and self-learning classifiers.
We didn't use the raw values from the five measures because they have different scales; thus, any score computed by weighted average of the raw values needs to be preceded by standardization of the raw values, which is beyond the scope of this paper.
However, there is still lack of standardization of the b values used in different centers, and some applications of DWI still remain confined to the research setting.
