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We used the direct standardization method to standardize mortality rates in order to compare them over time.
For comparability to prior publications that reported standardized incidence and mortality ratios [ 2– 4], we used the indirect standardization method to estimate standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) comparing the observed with the expected number of deaths in the seven oil-producing cantons.
Incidence rates were standardized using the direct standardization method [ 20] for event rates and using the whole population of Iran [ 21] as a standard population.
ASRs were not reported in 11 studies, for which we calculated the ASR by direct standardization method using world standard population, in the different age and sex groups per 100,000 population [ 17].
To calculate adjusted age-specific prevalence rates we used the direct standardization method with the WHO world standard population table [22].
To limit the impact of between-subject variations in urine sampling conditions, we standardized biomarker concentrations using a two-step standardization method based on regression residuals.
For comparison purposes, the prevalence of disability among older population in other studies was age standardized to our population using the direct standardization method.
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To account for the confounding effect of age, age standardized prevalence of hypertension was estimated using direct standardization methods.
In order to compare data between the two centres and, for the rural centre, between small, medium and larger towns, we standardized incidence rates according to age and gender using direct standardization methods [ 11].
These standardization methods make the product development processes more complex.
But, the existing standardization methods are mainly applicable for flat terrains, which may become inappropriate under complex terrain conditions.
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